What Are Stainless Steel Cast-Machined Flanges?
Stainless steel cast-machined flanges are precision-engineered pipe connecting components manufactured by Conex Casting India through a two-stage process: investment casting or sand casting followed by CNC machining to final dimensional tolerances. These flanges — including weld neck flanges, slip-on flanges, blind flanges, socket weld flanges, threaded flanges, lap joint flanges, and orifice flanges — are produced in austenitic, duplex, super duplex, and martensitic stainless steel grades conforming to ASTM A351, ASTM A182, ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47, EN 1092-1, DIN 2631–2638, BS 4504, and ISO 7005 standards. Conex Casting India supplies these cast-machined flanges to electrical OEMs, EPC contractors, power utilities, oil & gas companies, chemical processing plants, and industrial distributors across India, Europe, the USA, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Indicative price: US$ 11.50/kilogram.
Detailed Product Overview
1. Weld Neck Flanges (WNF)
Weld neck flanges are cast with an elongated tapered hub that is butt-welded to the pipe, providing reinforcement and smooth bore continuity. The cast hub eliminates stress concentration at the flange-to-pipe joint, making them the preferred choice for high-pressure, high-temperature service in power plants, refineries, and chemical reactors. They conform to ASME B16.5 Class 150 through Class 2500 and are machined to Ra 3.2 µm face finish. Associated terms: raised face weld neck flange, RTJ weld neck flange, long weld neck nozzle, high-pressure weld neck flange, schedule 80 weld neck flange, butt weld flange, tapered hub flange.
2. Slip-On Flanges (SOF)
Slip-on flanges are cast with a through bore slightly larger than the pipe OD, slipped over the pipe, and fillet-welded both inside and outside. The cast-machined construction ensures concentric bore alignment and precise face flatness. They are economical alternatives to weld neck flanges for moderate-pressure systems. Related terms: slip-on raised face flange, SORF flange, flat face slip-on flange, SOFF flange, fillet weld flange, pipe slip-on ring flange, ASME B16.5 slip-on flange Class 150–Class 600.
3. Blind Flanges
Blind flanges are solid-cast discs used to close off pipe ends, vessel nozzles, and pressure vessel openings for hydrostatic testing, maintenance isolation, and permanent line termination. CNC machining ensures flatness tolerance within 0.05 mm and proper bolt hole pattern positioning. Used in isolation valve assemblies, pressure vessel blanking, manifold end closures, and heat exchanger head blanking. Associated terms: blind flange ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47 blind flange, spectacle blind, line blank flange, spacer blind, drilled blind flange, PSV inlet blind flange.
4. Socket Weld Flanges
Socket weld flanges incorporate a cast socket bore into which the pipe end is inserted and fillet-welded. They are used in small-bore, high-pressure systems (DN 15–DN 50) where leak-free joints are critical. The cast socket ensures accurate pipe seating depth and concentricity. Application areas include instrument impulse lines, hydraulic systems, high-pressure steam lines, and chemical injection systems. Terms: socket weld raised face flange, SWRF, socket weld flat face flange, high-pressure socket weld flange, Class 3000/6000 socket weld fitting, SS socket weld flange.
5. Threaded Flanges
Threaded flanges are cast with an internal taper pipe thread (NPT or BSPT) that mates with male-threaded pipe ends without welding, enabling installation in non-weld zones or flammable environments. They are used for utility connections, instrument tapping, and low-pressure instrumentation lines. Associated terms: screwed flange, threaded raised face flange, NPT threaded flange, BSPT threaded flange, Class 150 threaded flange, Class 300 threaded pipe flange, instrument flange.
6. Lap Joint Flanges
Lap joint flanges are used in combination with lap joint stub ends, allowing free rotation of the flange around the stub for easy bolt hole alignment. The cast flange body does not contact the process fluid, making it suitable for corrosive services where expensive alloy material is required only for the stub end. Terms: lap joint stub end flange, loose flange, backing flange, free rotating flange, ASME B16.5 lap joint flange, alloy stub end carbon steel flange assembly.
7. Orifice Flanges
Orifice flanges are precision cast and machined with tapped pressure tapping holes at 180° on the pipe bore diameter for differential pressure flow measurement using orifice plates. They conform to ASME B16.36 and are supplied as matched sets with orifice plates, jack screws, and paddle blinds. Used in gas metering stations, custody transfer systems, and flow measurement in process piping. Terms: orifice flange set, ASME B16.36 orifice flange, pressure tapping flange, metering flange, corner tapping orifice flange, flange tapping orifice assembly, DP flow measurement flange.
8. Spectacle Blinds and Spacers
Spectacle blinds consist of a solid disc (blind) and a ring spacer connected by a web in the shape of eyeglasses, allowing quick isolation or flow restoration by rotating the figure-8 fitting. Cast-machined in stainless steel for corrosion-resistant applications in chemical plants, refineries, and power utility piping. Related terms: figure-8 blind, paddle blind and spacer, spectacle plate, ASME B16.48 line blank, swivel blind, pipeline isolation blind, pressure-rated spectacle blind.
Key Features
- Pressure ratings: Class 150 to Class 2500 per ASME B16.5; DN 650–DN 1500 per ASME B16.47 Series A & B
- Size range: DN 15 (½”) to DN 600 (24″) standard; larger sizes on request
- Face types: Raised Face (RF), Flat Face (FF), Ring Type Joint (RTJ), Large Male-Female (LMF), Tongue and Groove (T&G)
- Bore options: Standard bore, full bore, reduced bore, special flow bore per customer drawing
- Machining tolerance: ±0.1 mm on flange face OD/ID; bolt hole pitch tolerance ±0.2 mm; face flatness within 0.05 mm
- Surface finish: Ra 3.2 µm (125 µin) standard on flange face; Ra 1.6 µm on seating surfaces available
- Hydrotest: 100% hydrostatic pressure tested per ASME B16.5 Table 2 shell test pressures
- Marking: Heat number, material grade, ASME class, size, heat code — die-stamped or electrochemical etching
Dimensional Accuracy and Machining Precision
Each flange is CNC-machined on vertical turning lathes (VTL) and CNC machining centers using carbide tooling. Bolt hole circles are precision drilled on CNC radial drill presses with true position tolerance within ±0.25 mm. Raised face machining is carried out to ASME B16.5 Table E1.1 serrated finish (125–250 µin Ra) for correct gasket seating. Ring groove dimensions for RTJ flanges are machined to API 6A BX/RX tolerances. CMM verification is performed on first article and statistical samples.
Corrosion Resistance and Material Integrity
Stainless steel flanges produced by Conex Casting India undergo solution annealing heat treatment to restore corrosion resistance after casting solidification and welding simulation tests. Grades such as CF3M (316L equivalent) and CK3MCuN (AL-6XN equivalent) offer exceptional resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC), pitting corrosion, and crevice corrosion in marine, offshore, and chemical processing environments. PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) values exceed 40 for super duplex grades.
Pressure-Temperature Ratings
Flanges are designed and rated per ASME B16.5 pressure-temperature tables for Group 2.1 (CF8M / 316 SS) and Group 2.2 materials. Class 150 flanges are rated at 15.1 bar (219 psi) at 38°C, while Class 2500 flanges carry 258 bar (3,750 psi) at the same temperature. High-temperature applications up to 566°C (1050°F) utilize CF8C (347 SS equivalent) grade with carbide stabilization. Elevated temperature derating values are tabulated per ASME B16.5 appendix tables.
Non-Destructive Examination (NDE)
Conex Casting India performs NDE on stainless steel cast-machined flanges including: Liquid Penetrant Examination (LPE/LPI) per ASTM E165 / ASME Section V Article 6; Radiographic Testing (RT) per ASTM E94 / ASME Section V Article 2 for critical weld neck flanges; Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) for duplex/martensitic grades; Positive Material Identification (PMI) using handheld XRF for 100% confirmation of material grade; and dimensional inspection reports (DIR) with full traceability to heat certificates.
Custom Engineering and Special Configurations
Beyond standard catalogue flanges, Conex Casting India manufactures custom-engineered cast-machined flanges including: expander flanges, reducing flanges, long weld neck (LWN) nozzle flanges, swivel ring flanges for subsea applications, high-hub blind flanges for pressure vessel nozzles, composite flanges with duplex inner hub and carbon steel backing ring, and flanges with integral drilled and tapped bosses for instrumentation connections. Drawings in STEP, IGES, DXF, or PDF format accepted for custom production.
Technical Specifications
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Product | Stainless Steel Cast-Machined Flanges |
| Manufacturing Route | Investment Casting / Sand Casting + CNC Machining |
| Size Range | DN 15 (½”) to DN 600 (24″), larger on request |
| Pressure Class | Class 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, 2500 (ASME B16.5); Class 75 to Class 900 (ASME B16.47) |
| Facing Standard | ASME B16.5: RF, FF, RTJ, LMF, T&G; EN 1092-1: Type A, B, C, D, E, F, G |
| Schedule / Wall Thickness | Sch 10S, Sch 40S, Sch 80S, Sch 160, XXS |
| Dimensional Standard | ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47, EN 1092-1, DIN 2631–2638, BS 4504, JIS B2220 |
| Face Finish | 125–250 µin Ra serrated (standard RF); 63 µin Ra smooth for RTJ; 32 µin Ra for critical sealing |
| Bolt Hole Tolerance | True position ±0.25 mm; hole diameter +0.5/−0 mm |
| Testing | 100% Hydrotest (ASME B16.5 Table 2); LPI; PMI; Dimensional Inspection |
| Marking | ASME B16.5: Size, Rating, Material Grade, Mfr Mark, Heat No. |
| Indicative Price | US$ 11.50/kilogram (Ex-works, Pune, India) |
Raw Material Grades and International Equivalents
| ASTM Casting Grade | Wrought Equiv. | UNS No. | EN / DIN | BS | JIS | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CF8 | 304 | J92600 | 1.4308 / GX5CrNi19-10 | 304C15 | SCS13 | Austenitic, general service |
| CF3 | 304L | J92500 | 1.4306 / GX2CrNi19-11 | 304C12 | SCS19 | Low carbon, weld service |
| CF8M | 316 | J92900 | 1.4408 / GX5CrNiMo19-11-2 | 316C16 | SCS14 | Mo-bearing, chloride resistant |
| CF3M | 316L | J92800 | 1.4404 / GX2CrNiMo19-11-2 | 316C12 | SCS14A | Low carbon, higher weldability |
| CF8C | 347 | J92710 | 1.4552 / GX5CrNiNb19-11 | 347C17 | SCS21 | Nb stabilized, high temperature |
| CN7M | Alloy 20 | J95150 | 1.4584 | — | — | Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu, sulfuric acid service |
| CD3MN | 2205 Duplex | J92205 | 1.4462 / GX2CrNiMoN22-5-3 | — | — | Duplex, PREN >35 |
| CE8MN | 255 Super Duplex | J93371 | 1.4501 | — | — | Super duplex, PREN >40 |
| CD3MWCuN | 2507 Super Duplex | J93380 | 1.4410 | — | — | Super duplex, offshore/subsea |
| CA15 | 410 | J91150 | 1.4011 | 410C21 | SCS1 | Martensitic, moderate corrosion |
| CA6NM | F6NM | J91540 | 1.4313 | — | — | Martensitic, hydro turbine grade |
| CK3MCuN | AL-6XN (N08367) | J94651 | 1.4547 | — | — | Super austenitic, seawater service |
Product Types and Variants
| Flange Type | Standard | Size Range | Pressure Class | Common Grades |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weld Neck Flange (WNF) | ASME B16.5, EN 1092-1 | ½” – 24″ | 150–2500 | CF8M, CF3M, CD3MN |
| Slip-On Flange (SOF/SORF) | ASME B16.5, DIN 2576 | ½” – 24″ | 150–600 | CF8, CF8M |
| Blind Flange (BLF) | ASME B16.5, EN 1092-1 | ½” – 24″ | 150–2500 | CF8M, CF3M, CD3MN |
| Socket Weld Flange (SWF) | ASME B16.5 | ½” – 2″ | 150–2500 | CF8M, CF3M |
| Threaded Flange (TF/SCRF) | ASME B16.5, DIN 2566 | ½” – 2″ | 150–2500 | CF8M |
| Lap Joint Flange (LJF) | ASME B16.5, EN 1092-1 | ½” – 24″ | 150–600 | CF8, CF8M |
| Orifice Flange | ASME B16.36 | 1″ – 16″ | 300–2500 | CF8M, CF3M |
| Reducing Flange | ASME B16.5 | Customer specific | 150–1500 | CF8M, CD3MN |
| Expander Flange | MSS SP-44 | Customer specific | 150–1500 | CF8M |
| Long Weld Neck (LWN) Nozzle | ASME B16.5 / Customer | ½” – 12″ | 150–2500 | CF8M, CF8C |
| Spectacle Blind / Spacer | ASME B16.48 | ½” – 24″ | 150–2500 | CF8M, CD3MN |
| High-Hub Blind Flange | Customer Drawing | 2″ – 24″ | 150–2500 | CF8M, CF8C |
Applications by Industry
| Industry Sector | Application | Preferred Grade |
|---|---|---|
| Power Generation & Utilities | Steam turbine nozzle flanges, boiler feed water line flanges, condensate return flanges, cooling water system flanges | CF8M, CF8C (347) |
| Oil & Gas | Wellhead Christmas tree flanges, subsea manifold flanges, gas processing train flanges, offshore platform piping flanges | CD3MN, CD3MWCuN (2507) |
| Chemical & Petrochemical | Reactor inlet/outlet flanges, heat exchanger flanges, pump flanges for aggressive media, piping in chloride environments | CF3M, CN7M, CK3MCuN |
| Pharmaceutical & Food | Sanitary piping flanges, CIP/SIP system flanges, sterile process line connections, vessel nozzle flanges | CF3M (316L), electropolished |
| Pulp & Paper | Bleaching plant flanges, digester line connections, white liquor system flanges, black liquor evaporator flanges | CF8M, CD3MN |
| Marine & Desalination | Seawater intake flanges, brine line flanges, evaporator flanges, offshore structural piping flanges | CK3MCuN, CD3MWCuN |
| Water & Wastewater | Water treatment plant piping flanges, effluent handling, RO membrane skid flanges, pump station flanges | CF8M, CD3MN |
| Electrical OEMs / EPC | Transformer oil system flanges, cable conduit flanges, substation cooling system flanges, control panel enclosure flanges | CF8, CF8M |
Manufacturing Process
The production of stainless steel cast-machined flanges at Conex Casting India follows a rigorously controlled sequence:
- Pattern Making & Tooling: Wax patterns (investment casting) or wood/metal patterns (sand casting) are produced using CNC-machined master tooling. Shrinkage allowances, draft angles, and gate/riser design are calculated using casting simulation software (Magmasoft / AutoDesk Moldflow).
- Melting & Alloying: Stainless steel is melted in a 1-tonne induction furnace. Alloy composition is controlled using spectrometric analysis (OES) at tapping and adjusted with ferroalloy additions (FeMo, FeNi, FeCr, FeMn). Carbon control for L-grades is maintained below 0.03% using AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization) or VOD process.
- Casting: For investment casting, ceramic shell molds are built up over wax patterns through multiple dip-and-stucco cycles, dewaxed in autoclave, and fired. Metal is poured at controlled temperature (1540–1580°C). For sand casting, chemically bonded furan or alpha-set sand molds are used for larger flanges above DN 200.
- Heat Treatment: Austenitic grades undergo solution annealing at 1050–1120°C followed by water quench to dissolve sensitization carbides. Duplex grades receive solution annealing at 1080–1120°C. CA6NM martensitic flanges receive austenitizing + double tempering per ASTM A217.
- CNC Machining: Castings are fixtured on CNC vertical turning lathes (VTL) for facing, boring, and OD turning. Bolt holes are drilled on CNC machining centers. Raised face dimensions are machined to ASME B16.5 serrated spiral finish (125–250 µin). RTJ grooves are precision-turned to API 6A tolerances. Thread cutting for threaded flanges follows ASME B1.20.1 (NPT) or BS 21 (BSPT).
- Surface Finishing: Sandblasting (Sa 2.5 per ISO 8501-1), acid passivation (ASTM A380 nitric acid solution), or electropolishing (for pharmaceutical grades) per ASTM B912.
- Inspection & Testing: 100% dimensional inspection against ASME B16.5 / EN 1092-1 drawings; visual inspection per MSS SP-55; hydrostatic testing at 1.5× rated pressure; LPI per ASTM E165; PMI by XRF; mechanical testing (tensile, yield, impact at −46°C for low temp grades) per heat certificate.
- Packaging & Dispatch: Flanges are preserved with rust preventive oil on machined faces, bolt holes plugged with plastic caps, and packed in wooden crates/pallets per IPPC ISPM 15 for export shipments. MTC (Mill Test Certificate) per EN 10204 3.1 issued for each heat.
Quality Standards and Certifications
| Standard / Certification | Scope |
|---|---|
| ISO 9001:2015 | Quality Management System — Design, casting, machining, inspection, dispatch |
| ASTM A351 / A351M | Standard specification for castings, austenitic, austenitic-ferritic (duplex), for pressure-containing parts |
| ASTM A182 / A182M | Standard for forged/rolled alloy and stainless steel flanges (reference specification for equivalence) |
| ASME B16.5 | Pipe flanges and flanged fittings NPS ½” through NPS 24″ |
| ASME B16.47 | Large-diameter steel flanges NPS 26″ through NPS 60″ |
| ASME B16.48 | Line blanks |
| EN 1092-1 | Flanges and their joints — circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings (PN 2.5–PN 400) |
| NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 | Materials for oil & gas production — sour service environments (H₂S) |
| PED 2014/68/EU | Pressure Equipment Directive (for European export) |
| IBR (India Boiler Regulation) | For flanges used in Indian boiler and pressure vessel applications |
| EN 10204 Type 3.1 | Material Test Certificate with chemical and mechanical properties certified by inspection body |
Why Choose Conex Casting India?
Conex Casting India is a Pune-based ISO 9001:2015 certified precision casting and CNC machining manufacturer with over two decades of experience in stainless steel and alloy castings for industrial applications.
- Integrated facility: In-house casting (investment, sand, shell), heat treatment, CNC machining (VTL, VMC, HMC, CNC lathe, CNC drill), NDE, and mechanical testing under one roof — ensuring full traceability and shorter lead times.
- Grade flexibility: Capability to cast all stainless steel grades from 304/316 through 2205/2507 duplex and super duplex, including exotic grades (AL-6XN, Alloy 20, 904L).
- Export-ready documentation: EN 10204 3.1 MTCs, radiographic reports, LPI reports, PMI certificates, dimensional inspection reports, and packing lists aligned with international procurement standards.
- Competitive pricing: US$ 11.50/kg for standard austenitic stainless steel grades (FOB Nhava Sheva, India), with volume discounts for OEM and EPC project orders above 5 MT.
- Rapid prototyping: First article samples within 4–6 weeks using 3D-printed sand molds or rapid tooling for investment casting.
- Global supply reach: Established export to UK, Germany, USA, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Australia, and South Africa.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1. What is the difference between a cast flange and a forged flange?
Cast flanges are produced by pouring molten metal into molds, allowing complex shapes and larger sizes to be manufactured economically. Forged flanges are produced by hot-working solid billet under pressure, resulting in refined grain structure and typically higher tensile and impact strength. For most industrial applications, cast flanges to ASTM A351 with proper NDE and heat treatment provide equivalent pressure-temperature performance to ASTM A182 forged flanges at ASME B16.5 ratings.
Q2. Which stainless steel grade is best for seawater service flanges?
For seawater and marine applications, super duplex grades such as CD3MWCuN (equivalent to SAF 2507, UNS S32750) and super austenitic CK3MCuN (equivalent to AL-6XN, UNS N08367) are recommended due to their PREN values exceeding 40, which ensures resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion. For moderate seawater exposure, CD3MN (2205 duplex) is also widely used.
Q3. What international standards do your stainless steel cast flanges conform to?
Our flanges conform to ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47, EN 1092-1, DIN 2631–2638, BS 4504, JIS B2220, and ASME B16.36 for orifice flanges. Material standards include ASTM A351 for castings. NDE is performed per ASME Section V, ASTM E165, and ASTM E94.
Q4. Can you supply flanges to NACE MR0175 for sour service?
Yes. Austenitic stainless steel grades CF8M and CF3M are inherently compliant with NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 Part 3 for sour service environments containing H₂S. Duplex grades CD3MN and CE8MN are also qualified per the standard with hardness restrictions. All required certifications and test reports are provided.
Q5. What is the minimum order quantity (MOQ)?
For standard items (ASME B16.5 Class 150/300/600 in CF8M, CF3M, CD3MN in common sizes DN 25–DN 300), the MOQ is 50 kg per size/grade combination. For custom flanges or non-standard configurations, project-based MOQs apply. Sample orders for qualification purposes are accepted with a tooling/setup charge.
Q6. What is your typical lead time?
Standard stock items: 2–4 weeks. Non-stock standard flanges from casting to dispatch: 6–10 weeks. Complex custom-engineered flanges with special NDE requirements: 10–14 weeks. Expedited production is available for urgent EPC project requirements. Lead times are ex-works from our Pune facility.
Q7. Do you provide EN 10204 3.1 Mill Test Certificates?
Yes. All stainless steel cast-machined flanges are supplied with EN 10204 Type 3.1 Material Test Certificates signed by an approved third-party inspection body. The MTC includes: heat/melt number, chemical composition, mechanical test results (tensile, yield, elongation, impact), heat treatment details, and NDE results. EN 10204 3.2 certificates with TPI witness are available on request.
Q8. Can flanges be supplied with electropolished finish for pharmaceutical applications?
Yes. CF3M (316L equivalent) flanges for pharmaceutical, biotech, and food processing applications can be supplied with electropolished internal and face surfaces per ASTM B912, achieving Ra ≤ 0.8 µm (32 µin) or better. Surface roughness measurement certificates are provided.
Q9. What pressure testing is performed before dispatch?
Each flange undergoes hydrostatic shell testing at 1.5× the ASME B16.5 Class-rated pressure for the applicable material group. Test records with pressure, duration, and pass/fail result are included in the inspection dossier.
Q10. Do you offer third-party inspection (TPI) by client-nominated agencies?
Yes. Conex Casting India welcomes third-party inspection by internationally recognized agencies including Bureau Veritas (BV), SGS, Lloyd’s Register (LR), DNV GL, Intertek, and TÜV. ITP (Inspection and Test Plan) is submitted prior to production commencement, and hold/witness points are aligned with the TPI agency’s schedule.
Linked Products and Related Terms
- Stainless Steel CNC Machined Castings — full range of CNC-machined stainless steel components
- CNC Machined Castings — complete range of precision-machined cast components in stainless steel, bronze, brass, copper
- Stainless Steel Investment Casting — investment casting of stainless steel parts using the lost wax process
- Copper CNC Machined Castings — precision CNC-machined copper castings for electrical and thermal applications
- Brass CNC Machined Castings — CNC-machined brass castings for valves, fittings, and electrical hardware
- Bronze Machined Castings — CNC-machined bronze castings including bushings, bearings, and wear parts
Related technical terms: cast flange manufacturer India, ASME B16.5 stainless steel flange supplier India, CF8M weld neck flange, CF3M blind flange, duplex stainless steel flange 2205, super duplex flange 2507, investment cast SS flange, EN 1092-1 stainless flange, DIN stainless steel flange, ASTM A351 CF8M flange, NACE MR0175 flange, RTJ flange stainless steel, raised face machined flange, orifice flange set India, spectacle blind stainless steel, flange casting foundry Pune India, EPC project flange supply India.
Request a Quote — Stainless Steel Cast-Machined Flanges
Conex Casting India supplies stainless steel cast-machined flanges to electrical OEMs, EPC contractors, power utilities, process plant owners, and industrial distributors globally. Indicative price: US$ 11.50/kilogram (FOB Nhava Sheva, India) for standard austenitic grades.
To receive a detailed quotation, kindly provide: flange type, size (DN or NPS), pressure class, facing type, material grade, applicable standard, quantity, and delivery port. Our technical team responds within 24 hours.
Contact Conex Casting India | Email: info@conex-casting.com | Pune, Maharashtra, India — Exporting to USA, UK, Germany, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Australia, and South Africa.